Acid or base??

Today, we did an experiment on titration. The speciality of this titration is that, we ourselves made the alkaline for the experiment. Sorry! It was an acid-base titration using the phenolphthaline as indicator. I forgot it to tell to you….. The base was sodium carbonate of concentration 0.05 molar ( 1.43/100ml ).It was somewhat difficult to prepare it. But, if we studied how to make it at once, then it is very simple….And, really, it was miracle to see the pink colour suddenly as colourless…..You all might have know about it.But, I’m just remembering you all on it.

 

     

           Now, I understood that you all would have recalled these things……This is working on the basic principle of that, when acid reacts with base, a neutral liquid is formed. This liquid is salt water……

                                      Thank you all for reading this in patiently………

                            HAVE A NICE DAY…..

Simple and humble….

Today, we did an experiment on physics. It was really simple but somewhat more scientific. We found the mass of the object using a metre scale. Now you all would have understood. Yes, you are correct. It’s the moment bar…..

 

 

Electronics too…..

 My sixth day in Innovation hub. Today, we studied some thing about the basic electronics.

BASIC ELECTRONICS

 

The branch which concerned with the design of circuits using electronic components and with the behavior and the movements of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vaccum or gas.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

• Conductor

• Insulator

• Semi conductor

                                                                                                                                           OHM’S LAW

  Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,^[1] one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:^[2]

  

  where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the voltage measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm’s law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.^[3]

          

                                                                                                                                                ELECTRONIC COMPOUNDS

• Passive

• Active

  • Active components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition.^{[1] [2]}Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes.

  • Passive components can’t introduce net energy into the circuit. They also can’t rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they can’t amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.

                            NUMBER GATES

• Decimal

• Binary

• Hexa decimal

  Decimal, (base 10)

  Decimal has ten values 0 to 9. If larger values than 9 are needed, extra columns are added to the left. Each column value is ten times the value of the column to its right. For example the decimal value twenty-two is written 22 (2 tens + 2 ones).

   

  Binary, (base 2)

  Binary has only two values 0 and 1. If larger values than 1 are needed, extra columns are added to the left. Each column value is now twice the value of the column to its right. For example the decimal value three is written 11 in binary (1 two + 1 one).

   

  Hexadecimal, (base 16)

  Hexadecimal has sixteen values 0 to 15, but to keep all these values in a single column, the 16 values (0 to 15) are written as 0 to F, using the letters A to F to represent numbers 10 to 15, so avoiding the use of a second column. Again, if higher values than 15 (F in hexadecimal) are needed, extra columns to the left are used. Each column value is sixteen times that of the column to its right. For example the decimal value sixty-eight is written as 44 in hexadecimal (4 sixteens + 4 ones).

                                   

                            LOGIC GATES

  A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).

• The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction – it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results only if both the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH (1). If neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, a LOW output results. In another sense, the function of AND effectively finds the minimum between two binary digits, just as the OR function finds the maximum between two binary digits. Therefore, the output is always 0 except when all the inputs are 1.

                             

• The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction – it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is high, a LOW output (0) results. In another sense, the function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two binary digits, just as the complementary AND function finds the minimum.

                           

• In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical negation. The truth table is shown on the right.                                           

• In digital electronics, a NAND gate (negative-AND) is a logic gate which produces an output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of the AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results. It is made using transistors and junction diodes. By De Morgan’s theorem, AB=A+B, and thus a NAND gate is equivalent to inverters followed by an OR gate.

                                           

• The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR – it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0); if one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator. It can also be seen as an AND gate with all the inputs inverted. NOR is a functionally complete operation—NOR gates can be combined to generate any other logical function. it shares this property with the NAND gate. By contrast, the OR operator is monotonic as it can only change LOW to HIGH but not vice versa.

                                                 

• The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate, or EXOR gateand pronounced as Exclusive OR gate) is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1/HIGH) output when the number of true inputs is odd. An XOR gateimplements an exclusive or; that is, a true output results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true.

                                         

• The XNOR gate (sometimes, EXNOR, ENOR, and, rarely, NXOR, XAND) is a digital logic gate whose function is the logical complement of the exclusive OR (XOR) gate. The two-input version implements logical equality, behaving according to the truth table to the right. A high output (1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are the same. If one but not both inputs are high (1), a low output (0) result.

                                         

  Thus, by collecting this much knowledge, this day in innovation had also finished…

Convex lens….

 Today, we all did an experiment to determine the focal length of convex lens.

                                  

The formula for the focal length of a convex lens is given by

                  f = uv/u+v

where ‘u’ is distance of object from optical centre of lens and ‘v’ is the distance of image from optical centre of lens.

This day in innovation had also finished…

 

Concave mirror…..

 Today, we all did an experiment to determine the focal length of concave mirror.

                                  

The formula for the focal length of a convex lens is given by

                  f = uv/u+v

where ‘u’ is distance between object and mirror  and ‘v’ is the distance between image and mirror.

This day in innovation had also finished…

Electronics with circuits…..

For five to six days, we did so many electronic circuits.They are written down:

• Inverting amplifier

  

• Integrator

                               

• Half- wave rectifier

                                                                                                                                     Thus, this day also passed away…

Festival of innovation….With water utilization..!!

Hello!!

                   Sorry, I was busy for some days… Now, you all will ask to me that, for what does I became busy. Isn’t right?? Yes, its for the preparation of the innovation festival.  Then you all want to know that what’s it??

 

Its a festival organized by innovation hub, RSC, calicut. Its to exibit the innovative ideas of each group and there was competation on different levels. Even the students from NIT had participated in it…But, there wasn’t competation between us…

                                      You all would be eagerly waiting to know what did we did, isn’t it??

                          We did two working models. One was the floor cleaning robot and other was the innovative method to dealkalifying laundry water using vegetable peels.

 

                 This is possible by doing the common tri-pot filtration and passing the water thus occured through a bed of  green vegetable peels. As the vegetable peels contains acidity, soap water is an alkaline, when these two combine together, neutral water is formed. The soap water is coming from the outlet of the washing machine in each and every house… This water is used for watering plants!! For more information, please look at this chart which we displayed….

This festival was held on 28’th feb and 1’st march…..

Knowledge from NIT too….

Hello!!

        I was in NIT for some days.May be, it is unbelievable for you.Did you know something??Even I can’t believe this….

                 OK..Now, I will share my experience on NIT to you.

The inaugural program was arranged in the seminar hall of chemistry department of NIT. Dr. Lisa sreejith, the head of chemistry department inaugurated the program and gave a small but inspiring speech. Dr. G . Unnikrishnan, professor of chemistry gave a brief talk which was really motivating. Dr. A . Sujith,co-ordinator of the program gave a power point presentation of how innovative research can be carried out based on natural system by bio-mimicking.

                                                             After the tea break, we were divided into 6 groups. I was in the group 6.

And, we worked under Dr. R. Ravi varma in the physics department in the applied optics and instrumentation laboratory on the problem of the increasing green house gases determination. The main objective of the laboratory is to design instruments which can be used to detect the amount of green house gases present in the atmosphere.

                                       We could see the instruments designed in the laboratory by the research scholars. We also understood the harmful effects of global warming. We witnessed an experiment setup for the determination of amount of green house gas NO_{3  in a particular area.}

                                                                  _{On the second day, we went to the nanotechnology department under the guidance of Dr. Sony Vargees. It was an amazing experience to hear about the role of nano particles in our day to day life. We had mainly lectures about the coffee ring effect, hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of the substance and about their contact angle hysteris. After it, we performed 2 experiments to determine the angle of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature of artificially made lotus leaf and pyrox glass.}

                                                            _{Before returning from NIT, all of us visited the nanotechnology instrumentation department and witnessed the demonstration of 2 very important equipments :}

• _{Scanning electron microscope}

  

  _{An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects.}

• _{Atomic force microscope}

  

  _{The atomic force microscope (AFM) is one kind of scanning probe microscopes (SPM). SPMs are designed to measure local properties, such as height, friction, magnetism, with a probe. To acquire an image, the SPM raster-scans the probe over a small area of the sample, measuring the local property simultaneously.} 

                                                                   _{Thus, our  visit to NIT was completely successful ….}

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